Courses Page
Social Science 178
Appalachian Studies 179
Civic Engagement 180
Geography 181
History 184
Legal Studies and Prelaw 190
Philosophy 191
Political Science 194
Psychology 197
Public and Non-Profit
Administration 200
Recreation and Tourism
Management 201
Social Work 205
Sociology 209
Degrees
The Bachelor of Arts 177
The Bachelor of Science
in Education 177
The Bachelor of Science in Recreation
and Tourism Management 200
The Bachelor of Social Work 204

SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES are concerned with examining the development, the structure, the conditions, and the implications of human association. The skills and techniques necessary for this examination are developed within the context of the theoretical bases for the organization of such knowledge. From different perspectives of study, courses in the Division are designed to further the student’s understanding of human society, to increase the student’s ability to function effectively within that society, and to broaden the student’s understanding of the means toward acquiring a meaningful, just, and well-ordered society.
Four degrees are available for students studying in the social sciences.
The student must earn a cumulative grade point average of 2.00 or better (except where stated otherwise) in all courses.

Bachelor of Arts
Majors within this degree may be established in geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology; see descriptions beginning on the next page.
A minor but no major are available in the following: Appalachian Studies, Civic Engagement, Legal Studies and Prelaw, Philosophy, and Public and Non-Profit Administration. An area of emphasis in philosophy with a major in history is available; see page 191.
In addition, the major and minor requirements are discussed with each discipline.

Bachelor of Science in Education
The degree of Bachelor of Science in Education, with certification to teach social studies, requires successful completion of 128 semester hours, including (1) the Program of General Studies (pages 53-56 ); (2) the Professional Education component for the certification chosen (pages 81-83); and (3) the requirements associated with the following certification.

Certification for Grades 5-Adult in Social Studies (page 99).

Bachelor of Science in Recreation and Tourism Management
See page 200 for details.

Bachelor of Social Work.
See page 199 for details.

Social Science Courses (SOSC)

100 Summer Academy. (1)
Course for the Summer Academy students who successfully complete all of the Academy requirements. A comprehensive final exam is required and each student is expected to submit an autobiographical essay.
2851 Introduction to Academic Research. (1)
Designed to develop basic skills used in academic research. Special attention will be given to search techniques and sources, literature review and abstract, citation conventions, and academic integrity. Adaptations and applications to the student’s field of study will be explored.
325A, 325B, 325C Miller Center Seminar. (1)
See POSC 325A, 325B, 325C. See page 190.
414 Special Methods in the Teaching of Social Studies. (3)
Prerequisite: EDUC 306.
The study and evaluation of personal and professional qualities, skills, and instructional strategies and materials that result in good teaching. A 30 hour school-based field placement is required. Students must achieve a grade of C or better. (F, S)
450 Interdisciplinary Seminar. (1-3)
Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.
The central theme of the problem investigated will be analyzed through the “eyes” of the various disciplines; with staffing for the seminar coming from the various disciplines of the division. (F, S)
470-471 Independent Study. (3, 3)
Prerequisites: Minimum of 15 hours of course work completed in the discipline and consent of instructor and division chairperson.
Application must be made and approved by a committee before the student can register for the independent study (page 49). Applications may be picked up from the division chairperson.
472A-472B Public Service Internship. (9, 6)
The internship is a semester long work-study program in a public service agency. The Public Service Internship Program is open to juniors and seniors and offered both semesters of the academic year. Students interested in applying for the program should contact the office of the Division of Social Sciences.

MINOR IN APPALACHIAN STUDIES—
21 HOURS
APST 101; HIST 307; GEOG 250 (Geography of Appalachia); SOC 201; nine hours of Appalachian Studies. (Appalachian Biogeography may be substituted for any one of the above courses.)
Appalachian Studies at Concord University is an interdisciplinary program under the direction of the Geography staff. It is designed to provide students with an understanding of the physical and cultural characteristics of the historical and contemporary region.
Although the courses are offered primarily as a means by which students may enrich their educational experiences, students may also minor in Appalachian Studies.
The courses in the program will be supplemented by learning opportunities outside the classroom, including lectures, exhibits, and field trips.

Appalachian Studies Courses (APST)

101 Introduction to Appalachian Studies. (3)
Explores the historical and contemporary regional identity of Appalachia and its place in American society.
102 Appalachian Literature. (1)
Also listed as ENGL 204A.
200 Special Topics in Appalachian Studies. (3)
Provides concentrated study on a specific topic relating to the Appalachians. It may be repeated for credit, and the title of the special topic will be indicated on the student’s transcript. Example of special studies include Introduction to Appalachian Folk Arts and Crafts, The Black Experience in Appalachia, Appalachian Culture, Economic Problems of the Appalachians, Local Flora (also listed as BIOL 260), Human Diversity (also listed as SOWK 302), and West Virginia History, Geography, and Government (also listed as HIST 307 and POSC 307).
250 Regional Studies: The Appalachians. (3)
See GEOG 250.
300 Appalachian Biogeography. (3)
Please see the course description for NSC 300C. Also cross-listed with Biology 230, Ornithology.

Appalachian Studies Mini-Courses
The mini-courses in Appalachian Studies provide a flexible approach to educational needs and interests that may not be met by the traditional three-hour courses. Each mini-course represents one-third of a semester’s work, is approximately five weeks in length, and carries one hour of credit. Other courses will be developed to meet future student interests and needs.
1020 Introduction to the Folk Music of Appalachia. (1)
An examination of the importance, form, structure, and instruments of Appalachian Folk Music. Both recorded music and live performances are used to illustrate the elements of the music.
1023 Appalachian Traditional Dances. (1)
An introduction to country dances and group dances other than square.
2010 Introduction to the Collection of Oral History. (1)
An introduction to the objectives and techniques of collecting oral history. Students will be required to participate in collection activities.
3302 Appalachian Trails. (1)
Includes a review of the history, purpose and location of the Appalachian Trail, as well as trail hiking in general. Preparation, equipment and supplies for hiking and backpacking will be discussed. Participation in an overnight hike on the Appalachian Trail is required.
3503 Appalachian Writers. (1)
See Languages and Literature mini-courses.

4601 Special Studies in Appalachia. (1)
Provides concentrated study on a specific Appalachian Studies topic. May be repeated for credit and the title of the special study will be included on the student’s transcript. Courses include: Rock Climbing, Appalachian Archeology, Planning, Ultimate Frisbee, Latin for Beginners, and Appalachian Horsemanship.
Independent Honors and Study
470-471 Independent Study. (3, 3)
See SOSC 470-471. (F, S) (Page 50).
480-481 Honors Courses. (3)
Juniors and seniors who qualify for Honors Courses are offered the opportunity to study apart from conventional classroom work. Interested students should contact the Division Chairperson for further information.

MINOR IN CIVIC ENGAGEMENT—19-31 HOURS
The Civic Engagement minor builds upon aspects of service learning and community based research, is anchored by an academic foundation, is reinforced through an internship, and exists within a culture that is critical in examination and reciprocally reinforcing as a learning community at local, national, and international levels. The Civic Engagement minor includes the following components and totals 19 hours (without internship credit) and up to 31 hours (with internship credit):

1) Lead Course (3 credit hours)
•Social Work 350, Introduction to Community Service

2) Domestic Poverty (Select one: 3 credit hours)
•Social Work 161, Introduction to Social Work •Social Work 301, Policy History •Sociology 201, Contemporary Social Issues •Social Work 303, Policy Analysis •Co-Curricular
Five (5) hours of continuing education focused on domestic poverty. Membership in organizations focused on domestic or international issues of social and economic oppression.
3) International Exposure (Select one: 3 credit hours)
•Political Science 304, Comparative Government •Geography 300, Sustainable Development •Geography 301, Economic Geography •Political Science 230, Politics and Ecology •Social Work 302, Human Diversity -AND- •Co-Curricular
Five (5) hours of continuing education focused on social and economic oppression at local, national. or international venues. Membership in organizations focusing on domestic and international issues of social and economic oppression is required.
4) Service Learning (7 credit hours)
•Social Work 230, Group Dynamics and Interviewing Skills -AND- •Social Work 305, Social Work Research Methods -OR-
•Sociology 399, Introduction to Sociological Research -AND- •A service learning module added to a class in the student’s major (assistance provided by the Bonner Scholars Director as requested by the faculty member).
5) Full Time Service Internship (May be completed as non-credit hours or may receive up to 12 credit hours)
•This internship is to be completed in one semester. Written learning goals and objectives will be developed and implemented with the faculty member and the student. This community service experience will be an extension of the student’s research project.
6) Senior Capstone (3 credit hours)
•Social Work 404, Advanced Community Based Research. This class will serve as the student’s capstone course. It may be taken concurrently with the full-time service internship. Students will review their academic and experiential learning and generate a project to reflect that integrated knowledge.

Geography
The objective of the geography program is to provide an understanding of the interrelationships between people and their cultural and physical environments. Factual information is combined with geographic theories to identify, through critical thinking, the spatial relationships found on the Earth’s surface. Attention is also given to the geographic tools and techniques used to analyze the natural and human patterns found on the Earth’s surface.
Students seeking the Bachelor of Arts degree may earn a major or a minor in geography as outlined below. Note required grade average on page 177.

The Bachelor of Arts
The degree of Bachelor of Arts, with a major in geography, requires successful completion of 128 semester hours, including (1) the Program of General Studies; (2) the geography program listed below; and (3) a program of electives or a minor as worked out with the student’s adviser. Students are encouraged to enroll in foreign language courses. Junior/Senior students may also complete a 3-to-6-hour internship subject to the approval of the geography faculty.

MAJOR IN GEOGRAPHY—36 HOURS
GEOG 101, 200, 300, 311, 465; nine hours of regional studies courses and twelve hours of systematic geography courses.
*One of the following courses may be taken in lieu of a systematic geography course: APST 300; ECON 201 or 202; MATH 105, 201; SOC 310, 399. Two of the following geology courses may be taken in lieu of the corresponding number of systematic geography courses: GEOL 101, 202, 205, 341.
MINOR IN GEOGRAPHY—15 HOURS
GEOG 101, 200, and nine hours of geography electives with consultation from student’s adviser.
MAJOR IN GEOGRAPHY WITH AN AREA OF EMPHASIS IN CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS—45 HOURS
GEOG 101, 200, 300, 311, 411, 465; one course from the following: GEOG 312, 412; nine hours of regional studies courses; MATH 103, 105, 201; two courses from the following: GEOG 360,

GEOG 450, 460 (Geomorphology), GEOL 101, 205, 341, 385, 420 (Environmental Remote Sensing), PHYS 105, CIET 110 (offered at Bluefield State College). This concentration will prepare students for careers and graduate work in Cartography and Geographic Information Systems.
AREA OF EMPHASIS IN PREENVIRONMENTAL LAW—33 HOURS
POSC 104, 202, 225, 401; GEOG 200, 300, 320; BIOL 101, 102, 201. This area of emphasis will prepare students for graduate work in public policy, public affairs, or environmental law. It can be used to supplement any major.

Introductory Geography Courses
Note: GEOG 101 and 200 are the prerequisites for all other courses in geography.

All Geography prerequisites may be waived with the consent of the geography faculty.

101 Principles of World Cultural Geography. (3)
A survey course covering the culture regions of the world. Emphasis is placed on the geographic themes of place, location, movement, regions, human/environment interaction and landscape. (F, S)
200 Principles of Physical Geography. (3)
An introductory course that studies the Earth as the environment of man. It emphasizes the physical pattern of climates, landforms, soils, vegetations, and natural resources. (F, S)

Regional Geography Courses

250 Regional Studies. (3)
Regional studies focus on selected portions of the Earth’s surface and the interdependency of nations. Regional geography courses prepare students to be aware of and understand people culturally different from themselves. Courses include the following: Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, Russia, Southeast Asia, The Appalachians, Latin America, the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands, and North America. Regional courses may be taken repeatedly for credit, so long as there is no duplication of the area studied. Region of study will be reported on the student’s transcript. (F, S)

Systematic Geography Courses

300 Sustainable Development. (3)
A study of the need for conservation, its practice and philosophy. Emphasis on the interaction of people and the environment they inhabit.
301 Economic Geography. (3)
A study of the nature, distribution, and spatial dynamics of economic activities.
311 Computer Cartography. (3)
The construction, interpretation, and analysis of maps and aerial photography. Students will use cartographic computer software and peripheral equipment to accomplish these course objectives.
312 Advanced Computer Cartography. (3)
Prerequisite: GEOG 311.
Advanced issues and techniques in the construction, interpretation, and analysis of maps. Students will master an expanded variety of cartographic computer software and peripheral equipment to accomplish these course objectives.
320 Political Geography. (3)
A study of the role of geographic conditions and considerations in local, national, and international politics. Special attention is given to political problems and topics of current interest.
321 Advanced Cultural Geography. (3)
A systematic survey of culture through the topics of human origins, demographics, agriculture, politics, language, religion, folk societies, ethnicity, and urban life. There is an emphasis on popular culture. Advanced Cultural Geography is also listed as SOC 310.
330 Geography of Tourism and Outdoor Recreation. (3)
A study of the patterns of pleasure travel and processes of recreation, with emphasis on the geographic factors which influence demand, usage, and development of recreation areas and facilities. (Also listed as RTM 340.)
340 Geography of Soils and Agricultural Land Use. (4)
A study of those soil physical and chemical properties that influence a soil’s agricultural suitability. Field analysis and soil sampling, land capability assessment, water infiltration and retention studies, and soil texture and nutrient status analysis are done in the field and laboratory. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory.
360 Meteorology and Climatology. (4)
Prerequisite: GEOG 200 or permission of instructor.
A study of the earth-atmosphere system’s energy flows, dynamic climatology, the principles that produce the climate patterns of the past and the present, and of the climate change forcing mechanisms that will generate the climates of the future. Three hours lecture, two hours laboratory.
410 Urban Geography. (3)
Examines the historical, social, economic, and political processes shaping the urban landscape. Studies geographical models of urban land use. The course also covers contemporary issues facing North American cities.
411 Geographic Information Systems. (3)
Prerequisite: GEOG 311.
The construction, maintenance, analysis, and display of computerized geographic databases.
412 Advanced Geographic Information Systems. (3)
Prerequisites: GEOG 311, 411; MATH 105.
Advanced issues in the use and design of Geographic Information Systems.
450 Field Methods, Internships, and Research in Geography. (3-6)
Prerequisites: Upper-class standing and consent of instructor.
Classroom, field, and library experience in the tools and methodology of geographic research. A faculty approved internship may be substituted in lieu of the above. Students will develop a topic and present a formal paper based on their research.
460 Special Topics in Geography. (3)
Advanced study in specific geographic topics. May be taken repeatedly for credit. Topic of study will be included on student’s transcript. Examples of topics include Native American Geography, and Historical Geography.
465 Geography Capstone. (3)
Prerequisites: GEOG 101, GEOG 200
The course is intended to provide students with an integrated overview of the discipline of geography and to prepare students for careers in geography.
4601 Special Studies in Geography. (1)
Provides concentrated study on a specific topic. It may be repeated for credit, and the title of the special study will be included on the student’s transcript. Examples of special studies include: Introduction to Geographic Thought, GPS Applications in GIS, and Readings in Geography.

History
Understanding the development of civilizations in various times and places allows us to appreciate the modern milieu and its future courses. The study of history encompasses politics, economics, science and technology, culture and social relationships, ideas, values, and attitudes. A degree in the discipline will prepare a person for a broad range of careers and graduate training in education, preservation, law, the social sciences, business, and other professions.
Students seeking the Bachelor of Arts degree may earn a major or minor in history. Be aware that the required grade point average for work in the program conforms to the standards of the Division of Social Sciences.

The Bachelor of Arts
The degree of Bachelor of Arts with a major in history requires successful completion of 128 semester hours, including (1) the Program of General Studies which must include six hours of one foreign language; (2) the history program listed below; and (3) a program of electives OR a minor as worked out with the student’s adviser.
Television Courses: The Department of History, in general, will not grant credit hours for the major or minor by educational television programming. Exceptions may be made with departmental consent.

MAJOR IN HISTORY—33 HOURS
HIST 101, 102, 203, 204, and either 412, 414, 415, or 418 taken as a capstone thesis course by arrangement with the instructor; eighteen hours of upper level history electives, three hours of which must be in American history, three hours of which must be in European history, and three hours of which must be in non-Western history.
MAJOR IN HISTORY WITH AN AREA OF EMPHASIS IN PHILOSOPHY —33 HOURS
HIST 101, 102, PHIL 101, 102, 210, 450; six hours (two courses) selected from the following cross-listed courses: PHIL 320, 322, 375, 390, or 399; nine hours of upper level philosophy electives.
MINOR IN HISTORY—18 HOURS
HIST 101, 102; twelve hours of history electives.

History Courses (HIST)
Students pursuing the Bachelor of Science in Education degree must take at least three hours from History 101-102. Students pursuing the Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education must take six hours from History 101-102.
101-102 History of Civilization. (3, 3)
A survey of civilizations from their origins to modern times. HIST 101 concludes around 1600. HIST 102 concludes in the present day. (101 in Fall,102 in Spring)

Note: HIST 101, 102 are recommended for all other courses in history.

201 History of Europe. (3)
A survey of modern European civilization from the Renaissance to 1914. (F)
203-204 History of the United States. (3, 3)
A survey of the growth of the American people from the founding of the English colonies in North America to the present. HIST 203 concludes in 1877. (203 in Fall; 204 in Spring)

Note: HIST 203-204 or permission of the instructor are prerequisites for all advanced courses in United States history.
300 History of the U.S. South. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 203, 204 or permission of instructor.
A study of the American South from colonial times to the present. Topics include the development of Southern identity, slavery, the Civil War and Reconstruction, the New South, Jim Crowism, the African-American experience, and the “Southernization” of American culture since the 1970s.
303 The Middle Ages. (3)
Prerequisite: HIST 101.
Major political, social, religious, and cultural developments of Medieval Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic States from the time of the Emperor Constantine until the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
305 American Colonies. (3)
This course focuses on the diverse experience of colonies in North and South America and the Caribbean during the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. It considers the global interaction that shaped these colonies, and the interaction of colonists and native peoples, and the social and political consequences of the drive to exploit the colonies’ natural resources.
307 West Virginia History, Geography, and Government. (3)
A study of the geography, history, and government of West Virginia from the days of early settlement to the present. Special attention is given to current problems. Also listed as POSC 307. (F, S)
309 Ancient History. (3)
Examination of the major political, social, intellectual, and cultural developments of the western ancient world, focusing on the Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans.
310 The United States Since 1933. (3)
An examination of historical events and cultural processes in the United States, beginning with the New Deal. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of popular culture and ideas, the rise and fall of a “consensus society” in the fifties and sixties, the American global agenda after 1945, and economic and technological growth and management.
312 Era of the American Civil War. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 203, 204 or permission of instructor.
A study of the turbulent history of the United States from the rise of the abolitionist movement and Nat Turner’s raid in 1831 to the end of Reconstruction in 1877. Prominent themes include the role of slavery in the war’s origin, the wartime experience of civilians and soldiers, and the postwar struggle for power among various segments of American society.
314 History of England. (3)
A survey of British history from 1485 to the present, concentrating on the influence of Great Britain on the political and cultural development of the western world.
316 History of the Russias. (3)
This course covers Russian history and culture from Ivan the 3rd through post-Soviet Russia. Topics will include: the development of the Russian state, important movements in Russian culture, the causes and consequences of the revolutionary movement, and post-revolutionary Russia.
318 Contemporary World History. (3)
A survey of world history since 1914. The emphasis is on the world since 1945. (S)
320 History and Philosophy of Science. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 101 or PHIL 102 or consent of the instructor.
A critical examination of the history and philosophy of the sciences and their methods. Topics include scientific revolutions, the unity of the sciences, and the nature of experimentation, explanation, and evidence. Also listed as PHIL 320.
322 The Enlightenment and Revolution. (3)
The course covers the European revolutions—intellectual, social, political, economic, and military—arising from the ferment of change during the Enlightenment, the French, Russian and American Revolutions, the Napoleonic

Era, and the Industrial Revolution. Also listed as PHIL 322.
326 Era of the American Revolution. (3)
Examines the origins of America’s war for independence, its legacy, and its social, political, and military aspects, from 1763 to 1830. Emphasizes the social and cultural transformation of American life, the political ideology of the revolutionaries, and the creation of the American republic. All of these themes will be explored from the perspective of soldiers, civilians, women, loyalists, African-Americans, and Indians.
328 America’s Era of Reform. (3)
The history of the United States from 1876 to 1932. This course will cover the development of a new social and political order in response to industrialization, urbanization, and the integration of national and international economic systems. Emphasis is placed on changing demographics, alternative political ideologies such as progressivism and socialism, the rise of professionalism and consumerism, America as a world power, and challenges to the prevailing view of modernism and progress.
329 American Foreign Relations. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 101, 102, or 203, 204; or permission of the instructor.
A survey of the basic themes of American foreign policy. Emphasis is placed on the cultural perspectives and behavioral dynamics in foreign policy, and how these characteristics helped to shape contact and conflict with other nations or cultures. A secondary emphasis is placed on the influence of international events on domestic conditions in the United States. Also listed as POSC 329.
331 Asian Philosophy. (3)
A historical and critical examination of the philosophical traditions of India, China, Japan, and other Asian cultures. The course will focus on the development of the classical systems of Asian philosophy and their interaction with the philosophies of other cultures. Also listed as PHIL 331.
333 The African-American Freedom Struggle. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 203, 204; or permission of the instructor.
Places the Civil Rights movement of the 1960’s into the broader context of the African-American struggle to achieve freedom from the conclusion of the Civil War to the present, and considers the struggle in the broader context of other libertarian movements and global events.
335 The Vietnam Conflict, 1859-Present. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 101, 102, or 203, 204; or permission of the instructor.
An examination of culture, intervention, and conflict in Southeast Asia, including the French colonial occupation, the First and Second Indochina Wars, and events since 1975. Includes the context of Southeast Asian cultures, and contact and conflict with the West in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Also listed as POSC 335.
341 Special Topics in Military History. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 101, 102; or permission of instructor.
An upper division seminar in issues related to American, western, and world military history, from ancient civilizations like the Han and Roman Empires, to the present day.
350 Renaissance, Reformation, and the Modern State. (3)
Against the backdrop of religious wars, the creation of the nation-state, the development of colonial empires, and social and economic crises, this course examines Early Modern Europe as a period of transition between medieval and modern Europe.
360 The American West. (3)
The frontier experience in U. S. history, with particular emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The course will explore the images of the American West in literature, film, and commentary, and compare the frontier with those of Canada and Mexico. The role of the West in the evolution of nationalist ideologies and cultural attitudes will be examined. Emphasis will be placed on Native American and Hispanic borderland cultures.
375 History of World Religions. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 101 or permission of instructor.
This courses explores the historical development of the world’s religious traditions with particular attention to their philosophical, theological, and ritual dimensions, as well as their relationship with one another. May be taken to fulfill program requirements for the history track, or the history with an emphasis in philosophy track. Also listed as PHIL 375.
390 Feminism and Gender in Modern History. (3)
This course examines the history of feminist thought and philosophy within the historical experience of women utilizing a critical framework for the analysis of the creation and enforcement of the concepts of gender. May be taken to fulfill program requirements for the history track, or the history with an emphasis in philosophy track. Also listed as PHIL 390.
399 Utopian Studies. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 101, 102 or PHIL 101, 102; or permission of instructor.
This course examines attempts in East Asia and the West to imagine and create “more perfect” societies based on various philosophical, religious, social, and political paradigms, from the ancient world to the present day. Studies are not limited to utopian ideals; dystopian concepts and societies are also examined. May be taken to fulfill program requirements for the history track, or the history with an emphasis in philosophy track. Also listed as PHIL 399.
412 Slavery in the Atlantic World. (3)
This course considers the various manifestations of slavery in the Western hemisphere during the 17th, 18th, and 19th century. Focuses on the nature of slavery, forms of resistance, cultural exchange, and the process of emancipation. May be taken to fulfill program requirements for the history track, including the capstone thesis requirement. Students taking this course for the capstone must be a junior or senior, must have completed at least two upper level courses in history, and must inform the instructor of their decision at the beginning of the course.
414 American Cultures. (3)
An advanced survey of the cultural matrices of the United States through its history, as defined by gender, race, ethnicity, religion, creed, socio-economic class, condition, and other factors. Among the issues covered will be identity, assimilation and autonomy, pluralism, the effects of cultural diversity on the American global perspective, institutional elasticity and tolerance, and the creation of national ideologies. May be taken to fulfill program requirements for the history track, including the capstone thesis requirement. Students taking this course for the capstone must be a junior or senior, must have completed at least two upper level courses in history, and must inform the instructor of their decision at the beginning of the course.
415 European Social History, 1400-1900. (3)
Prerequisite: HIST 101, 102 or permission of instructor.
This course begins with the Renaissance, examining changes in social definitions and structures in Europe brought about by intellectual and political revolutions, major changes in economic systems, and growing contact with the non-western world. May be taken to fulfill program requirements for the history track, including the capstone thesis requirements. Students taking this course for the capstone must be a junior or senior, must have completed at least two upper level courses in history, and must inform the instructor of their decision at the beginning of the course.
418 Modern East Asia. (3)
The modern transformation of East Asian societies over the last several centuries, with a focus on China, Japan, and Southeast Asia. The course will cover the features of traditional civilization, the impact of Western imperialism, attempts to modernize and create industrial economies, the formation of commercial and professional classes, and the rise of nationalism. Comparative characteristics of East Asian and Western societies will be discussed. May be taken to fulfill program requirements for the history track, including the capstone thesis requirement. Students taking this course for the capstone must be a junior or senior, must have completed at least two upper level courses in history, and must inform the instructor of their decision at the beginning of the course.
450 Seminar in History. (3)
This course will emphasize various topics and independent research schemas as defined by the instructor. Requires research projects and/or written papers.
470-471 Independent Study. (3, 3)
See SOSC 470-471. (Page 178).

Legal Studies and Prelaw
Law schools generally require an applicant to be the holder of a bachelor’s degree. A curriculum plan is developed by the prelaw student in consultation with the prelaw advisor. This will include an introductory law class, a legal research and writing class, an ethics class, a capstone class, and specific electives. Additionally, a student may apply for a clerkship. Classes and activities are tailored to meet the goals of students desiring to attend law school. Moreover, membership in a prelaw organization is available to all prelaw students. Most law schools also require students to submit scores from the Law School Admission Test (LSAT). Prelaw students may receive assistance in applying for the LSAT through their prelaw advisor.

MINOR IN LEGAL STUDIES AND PRELAW—18 HOURS
LSPL 101 or BGEN 301, LSPL 201, LSPL 301, LSPL 405, and two (2) courses from an Area of Emphasis or from general LSPL courses, unless otherwise noted.

Areas of Emphasis:

GENETICS
Cell and Molecular Biology (BIOL 302)
Evolution (BIOL 370)
Genetics (BIOL 401)
Genetics Apprenticeship (assist with Summer Institute)

ENVIRONMENTAL
(all of the following classes are required):
General Biology I (BIOL 101)
General Biology II (BIOL 102)
Ecology and Field Methods (BIOL 201)
Principles of Physical Geography (GEOG 200)
Sustainable Development (GEOG 300)
Political Geography (GEOG 320)
American Federal Government (POSC 104)
State and Local Government (POSC 202)
Special Topics in POSC (POSC 225)
Constitutional Law (POSC 401)

RESEARCH AND WRITING
Technical Writing (ENGL 250)
Study of the English Language (ENGL 302)
English Grammar (ENGL 300)
Introduction to Academic Research (SOSC 2851)

CHILD LAW
Human Behavior and Social Environment Theories (SOWK 236)
Child and Adolescent Development (PSY 205)
Working with Children and Adolescents (SOWK 320)

HUMAN RIGHTS
Feminism and Gender in Modern History (HIST 390)
American Foreign Relations (POSC 329)
Constitutional Law (POSC 401)
Human Diversity (SOWK 302)

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Abnormal Psychology (PSY 422)
Human Services in Corrections (SOWK 336)
Criminology (SOC 303)
BUSINESS
Introduction to the Legal Environment (BGEN 301)
Legal Concepts in Accounting (BGEN 302)

COMMUNICATIONS
Fundamentals of Speech (CART 101)
Communications Law (CART 360)
Popular Culture (SOC 320/GEOG 321)

RECREATION & SPORTS
Programs and Operations in Recreation (RTM 240)
Legal Aspects (of Recreation)
(RTM 360)

General LSPL Courses

BGEN 301—Intro to the Legal Environment
BGEN 302—Legal Concepts in Accounting
CART 101—Fundamentals of Speech
CART 209—Argumentation and Debate
CART 360—Communication Law
ENGL 250—Technical Writing
ENGL 300—English Grammar
PHIL 212—Ethics
POSC 340—Modern Political Ideologies
POSC 405/6—Political Theory I/II
POSC 101 or 104—Intro to Political Science or American Federal Government
POSC 370—The Legislative Process
POSC 401—Constitutional Law
SOC 303—Criminology
SOC 350—Sociology of Law

Legal Studies and Prelaw Courses (LSPL)

101 Introduction to Legal Systems. (3)
The nature of law and the judicial system. The relationship of law, governments, ethics, and the consumer to business enterprise. Includes the study of contracts, law of sales, torts, governmental regulations of business, environmental and consumer protection. Provides students an opportunity to examine the general framework of the legal system, thus informing students of the content as well as process of a career in law. (Also listed as BGEN 301. To be taken in the 1st year of Prelaw studies or the 3rd year of Business program.)
201 Legal Research and Writing. (3)
Prerequisite: LSPL 101.
This course is intended to introduce the students to the fundamentals of legal research and writing to develop the skills necessary to prepare case briefs, legal memoranda, and a motion and brief to a court.

250 Special Topics in LSPL. (1-3)
Spans courses on specialized areas in Legal Studies and Prelaw related to current issues or areas assessed as needed by the faculty, community, students, and graduates.
270 Mock Trial. (2)
Prerequisite: LSPL 101.
Students are presented with the theoretical knowledge and practical skills relative to civil and criminal trials and advocacy.
301 Legal Ethics. (3)
Prerequisite: LSPL 101 and 201.
A study of the ethical foundation of the U.S. legal system with special emphasis on the Code of Professional Responsibility and the Canons of Judicial Ethics. Differential analysis with other professional ethical paradigms will be examined and applied through case simulations.
350 Special Topics in LSPL. (1-3)
Spans advanced courses on specialized areas in Legal Studies and Prelaw related to current issues or areas assessed as needed by the faculty, community, students, and graduates.
401 Clerkship. (1-12)
Prerequisites: LSPL 101, 201, and 301
Provides students with opportunities to develop skills, knowledge, and techniques with content from the classroom being applied to the field. Mentorship and supervision is provided by both faculty and professionals in the field.
405 Legal Studies Capstone. (3)
Prerequisites: LSPL 101, 201, and 301
Students are given opportunities to integrate and synthesize content from classes, and from experiences such as clerkship and mock trial.

Philosophy
The philosophy program provides students with a critical framework of ideas to integrate the basic conceptions of the natural sciences, the humanities, and the fine arts. The program includes the analytical study of the problems of logic, knowledge, the nature of reality, ethical conduct, and aesthetic phenomenon. Students may pursue a Major in History with an Area of Emphasis in Philosophy. Students seeking either the Bachelor of Arts or the Bachelor of Science in another discipline may pursue a minor in philosophy.

MAJOR IN HISTORY WITH AN AREA OF EMPHASIS IN PHILOSOPHY—33 HOURS
HIST 101, 102; PHIL 101, 102, 210, 450; Six hours (two courses) selected from the following cross-listed courses: PHIL 320, 322, 375, 390 or 399; and nine hours of upper level Philosophy electives.
MINOR IN PHILOSOPHY—18 HOURS
PHIL 101, 102, 210; nine hours of philosophy electives.

Philosophy Courses (PHIL)

101-102 History of Ideas I-II. (3, 3)
Examines the history of philosophical thought, and emphasizes developments in ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics, political philosophy, and religion.
210 Logic. (3)
Examines the conditions for proper, clear, and effective reasoning. While the focus will be on identifying and evaluating arguments in everyday and academic discourse, the course will also include the study of formal philosophical logic.
212 Ethics. (3)
Systematic analysis of the theories of proper human conduct. Topics include objective, relative, and subjective ethics, deontology, utilitarianism, virtue, and value theory.
310 Epistemology. (3)
A critical examination of the nature of knowledge, that is, the nature of our right to the beliefs which we possess, as well as the possibility, the basis, and the scope of knowledge.
312 Metaphysics. (3)
A critical examination of the nature of reality and existence, including the nature of time, space, being, and other fundamental categories, as well as the existence and nature of God and the problem of evil.
314 Aesthetics. (3)
Explores the traditional and contemporary approaches to the study of the arts and their relationship with particular values, including truth, goodness, and beauty.
320 History and Philosophy of Science. (3)
A critical examination of the history and philosophy of the sciences and their methods. Topics include scientific revolutions, the unity of the sciences, and the nature of experimentation, explanation, and evidence. May be taken to fulfill program requirements for the history track, or the history with an emphasis in philosophy track. Also listed as HIST 320.
322 The Enlightenment and Revolution. (3)
The course covers the European revolutions—intellectual, social, political, economic, and military—arising from the ferment of change during the Enlightenment, the French, Russian and American Revolutions, the Napoleonic Era, and the Industrial Revolution. Also listed as HIST 322.
331 Asian Philosophy. (3)
A historical and critical examination of the philosophical traditions of India, China, Japan, and other Asian cultures. The course will focus on the development of the classical systems of Asian philosophy and their interaction with the philosophies of other cultures. Also listed as HIST 331.
350 Contemporary Philosophy. (3)
Focuses on trends in twentieth and twenty-first century philosophy, including existentialism, post-modernism, and feminism.
375 History of World Religions. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 101 or permission of instructor.
This courses explores the historical development of the world’s religious traditions with particular attention to their philosophical, theological, and ritual dimensions, as well as their relationship with one another. May be taken to fulfill program requirements for the history track, or the history with an emphasis in philosophy track. Also listed as HIST 375.
390 Feminism and Gender in Modern History. (3)
This course examines the history of feminist thought and philosophy within the historical experience of women utilizing a critical framework for the analysis of the creation and enforcement of the concepts of gender. May be taken to fulfill program requirements for the history track, or the history with an emphasis in philosophy track. Also listed as HIST 390.
399 Utopian Studies. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 101, 102 or PHIL 101, 102; or permission of instructor.
This course examines attempts in East Asia and the West to imagine and create “more perfect” societies based on various philosophical, religious, social, and political paradigms, from the ancient world to the present day. Studies are not limited to utopian ideals; dystopian concepts and societies are also examined. May be taken to fulfill program requirements for the history track, or the history with an emphasis in philosophy track. Also listed as HIST 399.
450 Seminar in Philosophy. (3)
The Seminar in Philosophy is the capstone course for the Major in History with an Emphasis in Philosophy. The course will run concurrently with an upper level course in Epistemology, Metaphysics, Aesthetics, Asian Philosophy, or Contemporary Philosophy. Students will attend lectures and discussions with those taking the upper level course and, in addition, will meet for further lectures and discussion. Students will also write a major research paper in order to meet the requirements for the major in history with an emphasis in philosophy.
470-471 Independent Study. (1-6)
See SOSC 470-471. (F, S) (Page 178).

Political Science
Courses in Political Science are designed to stimulate in students a greater awareness and understanding of political institutions, processes, relationships, and their underlying principles. One goal of these courses is to generate the requisite interest and skilled civic participation that are so crucial to the maintenance of a just, responsible and democratic society. In addition, the program is designed to prepare students for graduate study and law school.
Students seeking the Bachelor of Arts degree may earn a major or a minor in political science. Note the required grade average on page 177.

The Bachelor of Arts
The degree of Bachelor of Arts, with a major in political science, requires successful completion of 128 semester hours, including (1) the Program of General Studies, which must include six hours of one foreign language; (2) the political science program listed below; and (3) a program of electives OR a minor as worked out with the student’s advisor.
MAJOR IN POLITICAL SCIENCE—33 HOURS
POSC 101, 104, 450, 472; POSC 303 or 304; three hours from either POSC 340, 405, 406; twelve hours of political science electives; and MATH 105.
MINOR IN POLITICAL SCIENCE—15 HOURS
POSC 101; 12 hours of political science electives.

Political Science Courses (POSC)

101 Introduction to Political Science. (3)
A survey of political science, including an examination of various political systems, institutions and ideologies found in the contemporary world. (F, S)
104 American Federal Government. (3)
A study of the underlying principles, organizational structure, processes and problems of the American federal system of government. Emphasis will be placed on the national government. (F, S)
202 State and Local Government. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101 or 104.
A study of the underlying principles, organizational structure, processes, and problems of state and local governments in the U.S.
204 Public Administration. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101 or 104.
Introduction to modern theories of administration; the relation of administration to the political system and process; and analysis of administrative organizations and functions.
206 Contemporary Political Issues. (3)
An analytical introduction to current political issues and conflicts and how they are studied by the political scientist.
225 Special Topics in Political Science. (1-3)
A specialized study of various topics and problems in the field of political science. Each offering of the course will be planned around a separate and different topic, chosen and designed by the individual instructor.

230 Politics and Ecology. (3)
Examines a variety of perspectives from which environmental problems can be addressed. These various perspectives or analytical frameworks offer explanations of the underlying causes of environmental problems and also generate political and economic responses to them. Broadens understanding of the environmental dilemmas that face modern political systems, and provides the skills to critically evaluate different perspectives on these issues.
303 International Relations. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101.
An analysis of the current international system and its origins. Special emphasis is placed on current international problems and the role of the United States in world affairs.
304 Comparative Government. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101 and 104.
A comparative analysis of the political processes of state systems outside the United States.
305 The Politics of Organized Interests. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101 and 104.
A study of the roles, motivations, and operations of organized interests in the U.S. and the political context in which they operate, with an emphasis on the study of power in American society through the pluralist and elite paradigms.
306 Political Parties and the Election Process. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101 and 104.
A study of the nature, functions, organizations, and activities of political parties and the process of nomination, campaigns, and elections in the American political system.
307 West Virginia History, Geography, and Government. (3)
See HIST 307.
320 Political Geography. (3)
See GEOG 320.
325A, B, C Miller Center Seminar. (1)
Students view forums from the Miller Center at the University of Virginia featuring leaders in government, academia, media, etc. The course includes a field trip to attend a forum in Charlottesville, Va..
329 American Foreign Relations. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 101, 102, 203, 204; or permission of the instructor.
A survey of the basic themes of American foreign policy. Emphasis is placed on the cultural perspectives and behavioral dynamics in foreign policy, and how these characteristics helped to shape contact and conflict with other nations or cultures. A secondary emphasis is placed on the influence of international events on domestic conditions in the United States. Also listed as HIST 329.
335 The Vietnam Conflict, 1859-Present. (3)
Prerequisites: HIST 101, 102, 203, 204; or permission of the instructor.
An examination of culture, intervention, and conflict in Southeast Asia, including the French colonial occupation, the First and Second Indochina Wars, and events since 1975. Includes the context of Southeast Asian cultures, and contact and conflict with the West in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Also listed as HIST 335.

340 Modern Political Ideologies. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101.
A problems course examining the major ideological systems that have shaped contemporary politics. The course will examine the history as well as current relevance of these ideologies. Each particular offering of the course will vary in specific content.
341 The Military and Society. (3)
A problems course examining the relation between the military and society, and the impact of military institutions on the development of western civilization. Each particular offering of the course will focus on a specific time period that will vary with each offering. Can be used for credit in History, and is also listed as HIST 341.
351 American Political Philosophy. (3)
Recommended: POSC 104 and PHIL 102.
The study of American political thought that examines the writings of major figures in American intellectual history.
370 Legislative Process. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101 and 104.
A study of the structure and behavior of the U.S. Congress and state legislatures with emphasis placed on representation, institutional arrangements, the lawmaking process, and problems and trends in legislative governance.
380 The Executive Process. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101 and 104.
A study of the structure and behavior of the U.S. Presidency and state governorships with emphasis placed on the powers and limitations, institutional arrangements, involvement in the policymaking process, and problems and trends in executive governance.
390 Judicial Politics. (3)
A study of the structure and behavior of the American judicial system with emphasis placed on the structure of the American judicial system, the roles played by various individuals and groups in the system, and the prospects for future changes in the system.
401 Constitutional Law. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101 and 104.
A study of leading constitutional decisions of the United States Supreme Court and their effects upon the American system of government, as well as an examination of the origin and development of civil rights and liberties in the United States as contained in the Constitution and as interpreted through Supreme Court and lower Federal Court cases.
405 Political Theory I. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101 and 104.
A selective history of political theory from the ancient Greeks to the Middle Ages
406 Political Theory II. (3)
Recommended: POSC 101 and 104.
A selective history of political theory from Machiavelli to the 20th Century.
450 Seminar in Political Science. (3)
A capstone course with variable emphasis, intended for POSC majors and minors in their junior or senior year. Political Science majors must take and pass a comprehensive examination as part of the course requirements.
470-471 Independent Study. (3, 3)
See SOSC 470-471. (F, S) (Page 173)
472 Political Science Internship. (3, 6)
This internship will afford students academic and professional experience in a suitable private or non-profit setting.

480-481 Honors Courses. (3, 3)
Juniors and seniors who qualify for Honors Courses are offered the opportunity to study apart from conventional classroom work. Interested students should contact the Division Chairperson for further information.

Psychology
The general objective of the psychology program is to prepare students for professional training in the field of psychology by providing an overview of the essential methods and findings of experimental, clinical, and theoretical psychology. The primary theoretical orientation of the program is behavioral although the students will be exposed to multiple theoretical orientations. The scientist-practitioner model is emphasized in applied courses. Opportunities are provided for both human and non-human experimentation through environmental manipulation.
Students seeking the Bachelor of Arts degree may earn a major or a minor in psychology. Note required grade average on page 178.

The Bachelor of Arts
The degree of Bachelor of Arts, with a major in psychology, requires successful completion of 128 semester hours, including (1) the Program of General Studies; (2) three hours of Spanish or Sign Language; (3) the psychology program listed below; and (4) a program of electives or a minor as worked out with the student’s advisor.
Television Courses: The Department of Psychology, in general, will not grant credit hours for the major or minor by educational television programming. Exceptions may be made with departmental consent.

MAJOR IN PSYCHOLOGY—44 hours
PSY 101, 2002, 2061, 215, 310, 322, 370, 412, 431, 12 hours of psychology electives (see below); BIOL 102; MATH 105.
MINOR IN PSYCHOLOGY—15 hours
PSY 101, 200; nine hours of psychology electives (see below).
Electives for Minors and Majors
Psychology majors and minors may select only 3 hours of electives from Group I and must select at least 3 hours of electives from Group III.

Group I: PSY 203,205,228,229

Group II: PSY 270,330,340,350,365,407,422,430,450,470-1

Group III: PSY 415,420,455

Psychology Courses (PSY)

101 General Psychology. (3)
An introductory study of the basic concepts and principles of psychology. (F, S)

*Note: PSY 101, the prerequisite for all courses in psychology except 200.

200 Basic Learning. (3)
Designed to develop basic knowledge of principles of operant conditioning and behavior modification applicable to teaching, family living, and social relationships. Note: No credit for Psychology major. (Cross-listed as PSY 2061 Behavior Analysis for psychology majors.) (F, S)
203 Human Sexuality. (3)
The exploration of physiological, psychological, and sociological factors in human sexual behavior.

205 Child and Adolescent Development. (3)
This course will provide an overview of research and theory on development during the years from infancy through the transition to adulthood. Issues related to physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development will be considered, along with the social and cultural contexts of development.
215 Experimental Psychology. (3)
Prerequisite: MATH 105.
The basic principles of scientific experimentation with an introduction to research design, methodology, and professional reporting of research results. (F, S)
228 Survey of Drug Use and Abuse. (3)
An introductory survey of the historical and sociological perspectives on drug use and abuse, the physiological and psychological effects of drugs, the identification and pharmacological characteristics of drugs, the legal implications of drug abuse, and the prevention, control, and treatment of drug abuse.
229 Health Psychology. (3)
An introduction to psychological factors in health, disease and illness (including health maintenance and disease prevention). Discussion of personality types, psychophysiological disease, effects of stress, and coping with illness.
270 Psychology Research. (1)
Consent of the psychology faculty.
This seminar course involves supervised conduction of scientific experiments. Includes review and discussion of the relevant literature, development of a specific research question, and hands-on implementation of the research.
310 Introduction to Learning. (4)
Prerequisites: PSY 215, PSY 2061.
A survey of significant concepts, methods, and principles of learning. The course will focus on classical conditioning, instrumental and operant conditioning, and verbal learning. (F)
322 Personality. (3)
The formation, structure, and function of personality are examined in light of the major theoretical positions. (F, S)
330 Evolutionary Psychology. (3)
This course focuses on the ways in which human behavior and mental abilities evolved over millions of years, and so adapted to specific environmental conditions.
340 Industrial/Organizational Psychology. (3)
An introduction to theory and research on the application of psychological principles to business and industry. Topics will include issues such as work motivation, occupational stress, leadership, group processes and engineering psychology. Personnel management will also be considered, including job analysis, recruitment, selection, training, development and evaluation of employees.
350 Special Topics in Psychology.
(1-3)
Prerequisites: To be specified by instructor.
Advanced study in specific topics in specialized areas of Psychology. May be taken repeatedly for credit. Course titles will be included on students’ transcript.
365 Sensation and Perception. (3)
An overview of research and theory on human sensory systems and perception. Examines not only the physiological system required for each sense, but also the factors that can influence our perception. Especially examines the visual, auditory, and olfactory systems.
370 Physiological Psychology. (3)
Prerequisite: BIOL 102.
An overview of the physiological correlates of behavior, such as learning, memory, emotion, hunger, thirst, etc. (Satisfies elective credit for Biology major or minor.) (F)
402 Animal Behavior. (3)
The analysis of unlearned and learned behavior, integrating the contributions of ethological and behavioristic research. (Satisfies elective credit for Biology major or minor.)
407 Introduction to Counseling Techniques. (3)
Prerequisite: PSY 322.
An introduction to the major theoretical approaches to counseling with emphasis on psychoanalytic, behavioristic, phenomenological, and rational approaches.
412 Cognitive Psychology. (3)
Prerequisite: PSY 310.
An introduction to the prominent research methods, findings, and theories, of cognitive psychology. The course will cover such topics as memory, attention, categorization, concept formation, problem solving, and language. (S)
415 Advanced Experimental Psychology. (3)
Prerequisites: MATH 105, PSY 215.
This course will provide an in-depth and active involvement in all aspects of the experimental process as it applies to psychological research. Included in this process are such topics as conducting a literature review, writing a research proposal, ethics, designing and conducting research, analyzing the data on the computer, and presenting research results in a professional manner. (S)
420 Introduction to Psychological Testing. (3)
Prerequisite: MATH 105.
An introduction to the principles underlying the construction and validation of the major varieties of psychological tests. (S)
422 Abnormal Psychology. (3)
Prerequisite: PSY 322.
An experimental and theoretical study of the phenomena of psychopathology, as well as a survey of the methods of clinical diagnosis and therapy.
430 Behavior Disorders of Childhood. (3)
Prerequisite: PSY 205.
This course is a survey of childhood psychopathology, assessment and treatment. A primary focus of the class is the developmental psychopathology model.

431 History and Systems of Psychology. (3)
Prerequisite: Senior standing.
A study of the evolution of psychology with emphasis on the general issues and major theories in relation to the principal schools of psychology. (F)
450 Seminar in Contemporary Psychology. (3)
Prerequisite: Consent of the instructor.
Advanced study in specific areas of psychology. Can be taken for credit repeatedly. Course titles will be included on students’ transcript.
455 Psychology Practicum. (3-15)
(To be determined by the psychology faculty.) Prerequisites: Junior or senior standing, consent of the psychology faculty.
Supervised practice of psychological techniques in a clinical or institutional setting.
470-471 Independent Study. (1-6)
(To be determined by the psychology faculty and Divisional Chairperson.) Prerequisites: Consent of the psychology faculty and junior or senior standing; background courses to be specified by the project advisor.
May be taken as a single course, as two separate independent projects, (that is, reading course, teaching practicum, or research), or as a two-semester plan which must be scheduled consecutively. Final grades will not be given until end of second semester.
480-481 Honors Courses. (3, 3)
Juniors and seniors who qualify for Honors Courses are offered the opportunity to study with individual members of the faculty. This is specialized study apart from conventional classroom work. Interested students should contact the Division Chairperson for further information.

Psychology Mini-Courses

2002 Professional Issues.
The goal of this course is to prepare students to better use their bachelor’s degree in psychology. The course will assist students in selecting an appropriate career in psychology, help them prepare and build a competitive résumé, help guide them in selecting an appropriate graduate program, and examine professional ethics. (F)
2061 Behavior Analysis. (2)
Designed to develop basic knowledge and skills in the application of operant learning and behavior modification principles. (Cross-listed as PSY 200 Basic Learning for non-majors.) (F, S)

Public and Non-Profit Administration
The general objective of the public and non-profit administration program consists of acquainting students with the specific and unique challenges of administering public and not-for-profit organizations and programs. This curriculum is interdisciplinary, including courses in government, management, methodology, public administration, and statistics, with optional courses in accounting, finance, information services, personnel, and planning. The program is designed to encourage greater and more skilled civic participation and to provide preparation for professional employment and/or further graduate study. Students seeking either a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science degree in another discipline may pursue a minor in public and non-profit administration.

MINOR IN PUBLIC AND NON-PROFIT ADMINISTRATION—18 HOURS
POSC 104, 204; MATH 105, or BGEN 202 or 335; SOC 399 or SOWK 305; MGT 305 or 308, SOWK 308, or RTM 222 or 309; and ACCT 315, BGEN 210, MGT 307, PSY 340, or RTM 325.

Recreation and Tourism Management
The program in Recreation and Tourism Management is designed for students seeking professional careers in tourism, recreation, hospitality and leisure fields. The degree offers three areas of emphasis from which students may choose: park and recreation management, tourism planning and promotion, and hospitality management. This program prepares students for careers in state and local parks, resorts and recreation service companies, lodging and hospitality, restaurants and food service, and public or private organizations that develop and promote the tourism industry. The program also offers a minor in Ski Area Management for students who want in-depth experience in this aspect of the resort industry.

Bachelor of Science in Recreation and Tourism Management
The degree of Bachelor of Science in Recreation and Tourism Management requires successful completion of 128 semester hours, including (1) the Program of General Studies, including the following required courses: MATH 105 and ECON 201 or 202; (2) the Recreation and Tourism Management Core classes (see below); (3) at least one RTM area of emphasis; and (4) an internship experience. Two foreign language courses are strongly recommended.
RECREATION AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT CORE—33 HOURS
RTM 100, 222, 224, 226, 240, 311, 456, 460 (for 12 semester hours of credit).

Areas of Emphasis

PARK & RECREATION MANAGEMENT(33 HOURS):
RTM 328, 331; Each student will select two courses from the following block: MGT 305, 308, 314; MKT 305, 440; POSC 204. Students will also select four courses from the following block: RTM 325, 345, 346, 347, 360*; GEOG 250, 300, 311, 411; BIOL 201; POSC 230; NSC 300C. Each student will earn 9 credit hours from the following: SED 204, 205; PED 101A-J*, 118, 229; APST 3302, 4601*; GEOL 1011; RTM 2101*, 3101*, 4101*.
* indicates course may be repeated with permission of advisor.
TOURISM PLANNING & PROMOTION— 33 HOURS:
RTM 325, 340, 355, 356, 415, MKT 305. All students in tourism planning & promotion will also select two courses from the following: RTM 345, 346, 347, one of the following: MGT 314 or POSC 204, two of the following: SOC 310; POSC, 230, 303; RTM 360.
HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT— 33 HOURS:
RTM 309, 315, 328, 356, 415; ACCT 207; MGT 305, 308. Each student will select three of the following courses: FIN 311, 315, 322, MKT 305, 320, 440, MGT 314, 430, RTM 355, 358*, 360, 460; MKT 305, to be selected in consultation with program faculty.
*indicates may be retaken for credit with permission of instructor.
MINOR IN RECREATION AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT—21 HOURS:
RTM 100; eighteen hours of Recreation and Tourism Management electives.
MINOR IN SKI AREA MANAGEMENT—21 HOURS:
RTM 348, 358, and 15 hours from the following; RTM 355, 358*, 360, 460, ACCT 207, MKT 305, to be selected in consultation with program faculty.
* indicates may be retaken for credit with permission of instructor.

Recreation and Tourism Management Courses (RTM)

100 Introduction to Recreation and Tourism Management. (3)
An introduction to the broad field of recreation and tourism. Emphases are placed on the economic role of tourism and potential careers in the industry. Classroom activities and field trips may be required.
222 Managing Tourism Resources. (3)
An introduction to the management and operation of the parks and natural areas. Areas of study will include general administration of outdoor recreation facilities and resources.
224 Tourism Motivation and Behavior. (3)
An examination of the factors that affect and influence travel-related decisions and behavior.
226 Inclusive Services in Recreation and Tourism. (3)
Introduction to the concepts and attitudes underlying inclusive recreation and adapted tourism services, including barriers to participation and the Americans
with Disabilities Act. Examines the design, implementation, and evaluation of accessible environments and programs as well as future trends in adapted recreation services.
240 Programs and Operations in Recreation. (3)
Prerequisite: RTM 100.
Provides students with a theoretical overview and practical experience in the development, management, supervision and evaluation of recreation programs for public or private agencies. Off-campus activities will be required.
309 Lodging Management. (3)
Examines the organization and management of various types of lodging facilities. Students will become familiar with all of the functional areas of hotels and other lodging establishments.
311 Tourism Impacts. (3)
Prerequisite: RTM 222.
A study of the economic, social, and environmental consequences of tourism and travel. Examines the impacts on both the traveler and the travel destination area.
315 Management of Service Organizations. (3)
Prerequisites: MKT 305 and MGT 305, or consent of instructor.
An overview of the service industry. Explores the history, current status, and future trends of various service organizations, with emphasis on the hospitality, tourism, and recreation industries. Stresses the unique characteristics and operations of service organizations.

325 Tourism Planning and Development. (3)
This course combines theory and field experience in the study of the principles and practices for planning, developing, expanding or refining tourism in new or existing tourist areas.
328 Design and Maintenance of Recreation Facilities. (3)
Prerequisite: RTM 222.
Explores current principles and practices for planning, designing, and maintaining a wide variety of recreational facilities. The public planning process, needs assessment and economic feasibility assessment will be major topics. Students will be required to visit and evaluate local recreational facilities.
331 Administration of Outdoor Recreation. (3)
Prerequisite: RTM 222.
Examines the many factors related to administration of outdoor recreation programs with emphasis on risk management, safety, and planning.
340 Geography for Tourism Professionals. (3)
A study of domestic and international tourism destinations designed to familiarize tourism professionals with the attractions, cultures, facilities, resources and issues encountered at these destinations.
345 Ecotourism. (3)
A study of regional and worldwide natural resource based tourism with emphases on sustainable development, nature interpretation, and adventure recreation.
346 Cultural Tourism. (3)
A study of cultural based tourism including historical interpretation, cross-cultural tourism, and heritage preservation.
347 Resource-based Tourism Management. (3)
An in-depth field of study to explore and evaluate the use tourism resources and to identify current and future resource use problems and successful management strategies.
348 Ski Area Management. (3)
Prerequisite: RTM 100.
This course examines the design and operation of commercial downhill ski facilities. Topics will include site design, equipment, snow production, staff training, guest services, safety management and liability issues. Visits to facilities will be planned as a part of the course.
350 Directed Readings in Recreation and Tourism Management. (1-3)
Permits students to do supervised, advanced study in subject areas not fully covered in the classroom. May be repeated for credit with consent of the adviser.
355 Tourism Promotion. (3)
Prerequisite: MKT 305 or consent of instructor.
Provides an overview of tourism promotion. Examines the agencies and organizations currently engaged in such promotion and the methods employed by them to attract customers to their tourism destinations.
356 Hospitality and Tourism Marketing Management. (3)
Prerequisite: MKT 305 or consent of instructor.
Provides students with basic knowledge and practical experience that will enable them to develop strategic marketing plans for hospitality organizations and tourism destinations.

358 Ski Management Practicum. (3)
Prerequisite: RTM 348.
This course provides a supervised educational experience in ski area operations management. A variety of practical projects and training opportunities will be developed based on student’s professional objectives. May be repeated for credit with consent of instructor.
360 Special Topics in Recreation and Tourism. (1-6)
Courses on various topics in recreation and tourism management. Specific topics to be announced and indicated by appropriate title in student transcripts. May be repeated for credit with consent of instructor.
415 Meetings, Conventions and Special Events Management. (3)
Prerequisite: RTM 240.
Course examines the process of planning, marketing, publicizing and operation of conferences, conventions, trade shows and special events. Emphasis will also be placed on facility requirements of these events.
456 Seminar in Recreation and Tourism Management. (3)
Prerequisite: Senior Standing
Course examines professional issues and professional development in the recreation and tourism field. Students will plan, implement, and present an appropriate independent study project as a major component of this course.
460 Recreation and Tourism Management Internship. (12)
Prerequisites: 2.0 overall GPA, 2.5 GPA in the major, senior standing and permission of instructor.
On-the-job training and instruction in the concentration that the student has chosen. The student must work at least 600 clock hours during the semester.
470-471 Independent Study. (3, 3)
Prerequisite: Junior or senior standing with fifteen hours or more of previous class work in the discipline.
Consists of advanced study, reading, or research in the student’s area of interest.
480-481 Honors Courses. (3, 3)
Prerequisite: Senior standing.
Seniors who qualify for honors courses are offered the opportunity to study with individual members of the faculty. This is specialized study apart from conventional classroom work. Interested students should contact the Director of the Recreation and Tourism Management Program.

Recreation and Tourism Management Mini-Courses

2101-3101-4101 Seminar in Recreation and Tourism Management. (1-1-1)
RTM 3101 and 4101 require permission of instructor.
Short-term seminars on various topics in tourism and recreation. May be repeated for elective credit with the consent of the instructor.

Social Work
The program has been accredited by the Council on Social Work Education since 1974. The accreditation applies to beginning level generalist social work practice. Upon completion of the requirements for the Bachelor of Social Work degree, the National Association of Social Workers will accept graduates as regular members of the Association. Additionally, graduates will be allowed to sit for the Social Work Licensure Exam.
Graduates of the four-year program will be prepared for:
•Beginning level professional generalist social work practice; •Graduate social work education.
A basic arts and sciences education is essential to professional social work education. There is no foreign language requirement. All courses require letter grades except SOWK 420, Field Instruction, which is a pass-fail evaluation due to the nature of field experience. There are no provisions for awarding academic credit for life experience, or previous work experience, in lieu of the field placement requirement or to fulfill any of the foundation course requirements.
Beginning with the introductory class, there are opportunities for field experience in many of the required social work courses.

The Bachelor of Social Work

The degree of Bachelor of Social Work requires the successful completion of 128 semester hours, including (1) the Program of General Studies, which includes the designated liberal arts content; (2) the social work program listed below; and (3) a program of electives worked out with the student’s adviser. Students must also attain a grade point average (GPA) of 2.50 or better on all courses listed below under Social Work Program. Students are formally accepted as social work majors after having been admitted by the Social Work Admissions and Retention Committee. Detailed admissions requirements and procedures are presented in the Social Work Student Handbook.

SOCIAL WORK COURSES REQUIRED—55 HOURS
SOWK 161, 230, 236, 237, 301, 302, 303, 305, 307, 308, 309, 420A-B, 451; six hours of Social Work electives; Required Liberal Arts Courses-BIOL 101, 102; MATH 105; PSY 101; SOSC 2851; SOC 101.
Additionally students must complete one (3) hour credit course in each of the following cognate areas (for a total of 9 credit hours):
Human Behavior and the Social Environment Cognate (3 credit hours/one course): PSY 322; SOC 201; SOC 307
Policy Cognate (3 credit hours/one course): POSC 206; POSC 208; POSC 320, GEOG 320
Diversity Cognate (3 credit hours/one course): SOC 310; GEOG 321: APST 101, RTM 226
MINOR IN SOCIAL WORK—15 HOURS
SOWK 161, 230; nine hours of Social Work electives.

Social Work Courses (SOWK)

161 Introduction to Social Work. (3)
Explores the multifaceted career opportunities of the social work profession, with an emphasis on human behavior, social and economic justice, and human diversity. Social work practice, values, and ethics are examined.

230 Group Dynamics and Interviewing Skills. (3)
Integrates theoretical-conceptual perspectives about group communications and interviewing skills, applying this information to practical problems and situations, focusing on behavior of individuals and groups with an emphasis on effective individual and group skills for both intrapersonal and interpersonal growth and development.
236 Human Behavior and Social Environment Theories. (3)
Prerequisite: SOWK 161.
Pre or co-requisites: PSY 101; SOC 101; BIO 102.
Methodological and theoretical study of the bio-psycho-social elements of human behavior. Students will develop a theoretical and conceptual knowledge of human behavior applicable to competent social work practice.
237 Human Behavior and Social Environment Across the Lifespan. (3)
Prerequisite: SOWK 161.
Pre or co-requisites: PSY 101; SOC 101; BIOL 102.
Orientation to the understanding of human behavior across the lifespan with individuals, groups, and communities. Formal and informal processes, norms, values, ethics, strengths, and diverse cultures will be examined.
301 Social Policy and Services History. (3)
Prerequisite: SOWK 161.
First of two required social policy courses within the social work curriculum. The primary focus of the course is on the history of social work and social policy. The forces driving policy decisions are examined within a historical framework. The differential impact of social policy on diverse and oppressed groups is developed.
302 Human Diversity. (1-3)
An overview of racial, ethnic, gender, and sexual orientation issues. The first third of the course (SOWK 302A) focuses on the sources and consequences of prejudice and discrimination. The next portion (SOWK 302B) focuses on analysis of the origin and present status of minorities. The last portion (SOWK 302C) focuses on goals and strategies of change in minority relations. Accommodates 1 to 3 credit hours per semester. All social work majors must take 3 credit hours.
303 Social Policy and Services Analysis. (3)
Prerequisite: SOWK 161.
Second of two social work policy classes. Provides students with a framework to analyze current social policy, taking into consideration both historical influences and current factors shaping these policies. A framework for policy analysis, incorporating the principles of social and economic justice, is also included. Content is provided on policy formulation, incorporating the processes influencing policy decisions.
305 Social Work Research Methods. (4)
Prerequisites: SOWK 161, SOSC 2851 MATH 105 (may be taken concurrently).
Familiarizes the student with the quantitative and qualitative research methods, the research process, and the role of research in professional practice. Students develop a research proposal. Emphasis is placed on evaluation of all levels of practice. (3 hour lecture, 1 hour lab)
307 Practice with Individuals and Families. (3)
Prerequisites: Social Work major; formal admission to the Social Work Program; SOWK 161, 230, 236, 237; SOWK 305 (may be taken concurrently); PSY 101; SOC 101; ENGL 101, 102; SOSC 2851.
Examines the basic knowledge, values, and skills appropriate for a generalist social work practitioner at the beginning professional level of social work practice. Focus is on methods of intervention appropriate for helping relationships with individuals and families.
308 Practice with Groups. (3)
Prerequisites: Social Work major; formal admission to the Social Work Program; SOWK 161, 230, 236, 237; SOWK 305 (may be taken concurrently); PSY 101; SOC 101; ENGL 101, 102; SOSC 2851.
Methods of intervention appropriate for working with small groups are emphasized. Focuses on values, knowledge, and skills appropriate for the generalist social work practitioner at the beginning professional level of social work practice.
309 Practice with Communities and Organizations. (3)
Prerequisites: Social Work major; formal admission to the Social Work Program; SOWK 161, 230, 236, 237; SOWK 305 (may be taken concurrently); PSY 101; SOC 101; ENGL 101, 102; SOSC 2851.
Methods of intervention with organizations and communities are emphasized. Focuses on values, knowledge and skills appropriate for the generalist social work practitioner at the beginning professional level of social work practice.
318 Health and Human Resources Administration. (3)
An elective focusing on organizations and service delivery systems with an emphasis on leadership and management principles.
320 Working with Children and Adolescents. (3)
Reflects current issues and trends in working with children and adolescents. Behaviors, therapy, and programs related to children and adolescents are discussed.
322 School Social Services. (3)
Teaches basic knowledge, approaches, and skills involved in school social services. Examined are the basic concepts of children’s developmental needs, which require preventive services in the school, family, and community systems.
324 Gerontology and the Field of Aging. (3)
Beginning with aging as a developmental process, implications are generated which relate to possible services for the aged. Included is a focus on the development of primary intervention, protective, and institutional services.
327 Health Care. (3)
Deals with the relationship between physical well-being and social functioning; the definition of a state of health and the health continuum; concepts of multiple causation and the role of stress; the social and psychological impact of chronic illness; planning, organizing, and delivering of health services.
336 Corrections. (3)
Examines social work and other professions in the area of forensics, courts, institutions, police, probation, and parole services. Attention is given to prevention and aftercare dynamics.
350 Special Topics in Social Work.
(1-12)
Prerequisite: Approval by the Social Work Department.
Courses on specialized areas of social work practice (such as Addictions, Family Therapy, and Introduction to Community Service)
404 Advanced Community-Based Research. (3)
Prerequisites: Completion of a basic research course or consent of the instructor.
This course seeks to deepen the student’s understanding of community-based research. Focusing on the substantial research opportunities in the professional arena this course is appropriate for any discipline in which academic and community partnerships are important.
420A-B Field Instruction. (6, 6)
Prerequisites: Completion of all required Social Work Courses. Students must have a better than 2.00 overall grade point average with a 2.50 average in those courses listed under Social Work Courses Required. Students must have senior status.
Provides students with opportunities to develop skills, knowledge, theories, and techniques with procedures from the classroom being applied to field situations. Emphasis is on individualized instruction with supervision by faculty. Application to be made through Field Instruction Coordinator three months before placement begins. (Class size limited.)
451 Social Work Issues Seminar. (3)
Prerequisite: Social Work majors only. Note: This course must be taken concurrently with SOWK 420A-B.
Gives students opportunities to explore, synthesize, and integrate varied content learned during previous social work courses and during Field Instruction. Issues related to diversity, ethical practice, regulation of practice, rural practice, and workplace safety are explored.
470-471 Independent Study. (1-6)
Prerequisites: B average for majors or consent of social work faculty.
Advanced field study, readings, or research in student’s area of interest. (Page 49)
480-481 Honors Courses. (3)
Juniors and seniors who qualify for Honors Courses are offered the opportunity to study with individual members of the faculty. This is specialized study apart from conventional classroom work. Interested students should contact the Division Chair for further information.

Social Work Mini-Courses

1001 Sign Language I. (1)
No prerequisite.
An introductory skill development course in the art of manual communication.
1002 Sign Language II. (1)
No prerequisite.
An intermediate skill development course in the art of manual communication.

Sociology
The objective of sociology is to provide an understanding of the scientific study of human behavior in social groups. Sociology is concerned with the growth of the individual within the wider context of society. In the study of sociology, the student is encouraged to develop a theoretical framework and technique of investigation useful for analysis and insight into group behavior.
The student interested in a Bachelor of Arts degree may major in sociology with a minor in another discipline. Note required grade average on page 177.

The Bachelor of Arts
The degree of Bachelor of Arts, with a major in sociology, requires successful completion of 128 semester hours, including (1) the Program of General Studies which must include six hours of one foreign language; (2) the sociology program listed below; and (3) a program of electives or a minor as worked out with the student’s adviser.
Television Courses: The Department of Sociology, in general, will not grant credit hours for the major or minor by educational television programming. Exceptions may be made with departmental consent.

MAJOR IN SOCIOLOGY—34 HOURS
SOC 101, 301 or 307, 399, 406; fifteen hours of sociology electives; MATH 105 and BGEN 110.
MINOR IN SOCIOLOGY—15 HOURS
SOC 101, 301 or 307, 406; six hours of sociology electives.
AREA OF EMPHASIS IN CORRECTIONAL REHABILITATION—45 HOURS
Same requirements for the major in sociology plus the following courses: POSC 104, 202, 401; LSPL 101; PSY 101; SOWK 161, 230, 236, 302, 336; SOC 201, 303, 307, 350 Deviant Behavior, and 350 Sociology of Law. Note that SOC 201, 303, 307, and 350 Deviant Behavior, and 350 Sociology of Law may be taken to meet the fifteen hours of electives required in the sociology major. No other minor course of study is required with the area of emphasis in Correctional Rehabilitation.
Note: Many of the courses required in the area of emphasis should be taken as General Studies courses.

Sociology Courses (SOC)

101 People and Their Social Environment. (3)
A course reflecting the basic concerns of sociology and designed to fulfill the General Studies requirements for non-majors and for teacher certification. (F, S)

*Note: SOC 101 is a prerequisite for all other courses in sociology. May be waived as a prerequisite with the permission of the sociology faculty.

201 Contemporary Social Issues. (3)
An examination of issues of timely importance to Americans generally, and to West Virginians in particular, emphasizing sociological explanations of underlying factors. (F)
301 Marriage and the Family. (3)
A study of the forms of marriage and the family; processes of courtship and marital interaction; prediction of marital success and failure; parenthood; family crisis; family in transition; disorganization, and reorganization. (F)
303 Criminology. (3)
A study of the nature and formation of criminal behavior, societal values and structure, personality and community factors in crime; types of criminality; criminal law and procedure. (S)
307 Social Psychology. (3)
An examination of the dynamics of people interacting with one another in American culture. Emphasis is on everyday occurrences and the interrelationship of individuals, groups, and society as a whole.

310 Cultural Anthropology. (3)
A systematic survey of the customs, organizations and modes of life of humankind based on a scientific explanation of the way of culture.
320 Popular Culture. (3)
Examines elements of American life, such as icons, heroes, myths, and rituals, which reflect the ideas, beliefs, and values of the culture. Particular emphasis will be placed on the role of movies in both shaping and reflecting who we are and what we value. Cross-listed with GEOG 460, Special Topics in Geography: The Geography of Popular Culture. Sociology students may also fulfill this requirement through GEOG 321, Advanced Cultural Geography.
350 Special Topics in Sociology. (3)
Prerequisites: To be specified by instructor.
Courses on various topics in sociology. Topics of study will be indicated on student’s transcript. May be taken for credit repeatedly.
399 Introduction to Sociological Research. (4)
Prerequisite: MATH 105.
Examines methods of investigation and research in the social sciences: how to organize a project; use of documentary materials and participant observations; interview, survey, and polling techniques; analysis, organization, and presentation of findings. Three hours lecture, one hour laboratory. (F)
406 Sociological Theory. (3)
Prerequisite: Consent of the instructor.
An analysis of contributions to sociological theory dating from the late 1800’s; special emphasis given to major school and theorists.
450 Seminar in Sociology. (3)
Practical experience in applied sociology.
470-471 Independent Study. (3, 3)
See SOSC 470-471. (F, S) (This can be found on page 173).
480-481 Honors Courses. (3, 3)
Juniors and seniors who qualify for Honors Courses are offered the opportunity to study with individual members of the faculty. This is specialized study apart from conventional classroom work. Interested students should contact the Division Chairperson for further information. (F, S)

Sociology Mini-Courses

3401 Sociology of Mental Health. (1)
A sociological analysis of mental health institutions, their employees, and their clients.
3413 An Anthropological View of Religion. (1)
A social anthropological examination of religion. The traditional anthropological theories of religion will be analyzed. The major goals of religious ritual and the mechanisms for achieving these goals will be explored.
3414 Medical Anthropology. (1)
Utilizes a comparative approach to examine medical care systems across cultures. A sociocultural perspective is also emphasized focusing on the commonality of medical health care systems, regardless of the cultural context.
3415 American Indian Cultures. (1)
A brief survey into the cultural variations of the American Indians. The primary focus will be on the pivotal institutions that are common to all cultures and the impact that environment has on cultural development.
3417 Computer Applications in Data Analysis. (1)
Prerequisites: MATH 105; SOC 399 or PSY 215.
An introduction to a statistical software package for data analysis. Students will learn, through practice assignments, how to generate and interpret statistical output in the analysis of complex data sets. (S)